A continuación, algunos de los pasos que se pueden seguir para desalojar a un okupa de una vivienda.
La okupación se está convirtiendo en problema cada vez más grave y habitual en diversas zonas de España, especialmente en grandes urbes como Madrid o Barcelona. Los condenados por delito de usurpación, que es el que hace referencia a la okupación de viviendas vacías, se han multiplicado por siete desde el estallido de la crisis, al pasar de 488 casos a un total de 3.278 en 2015.
El gran repunte se produce a partir de 2012. Destaca el caso de Madrid, con 1.398 viviendas usurpadas ilegalmente, el 86% de las cuales ubicadas en la capital, según los últimos datos publicados a finales del pasado año, mientras que los inmuebles okupados en Barcelona superan el millar en el primer semestre de 2016.
Los agujeros que presenta la ley, las dificultades y la lentitud del proceso judicial para que los propietarios recuperen su vivienda y, sobre todo, el apoyo y justificación que reciben este tipo de movimientos desde los partidos de extrema izquierda que gobiernan ciertos ayuntamientos, como es el caso de Ada Colau en Barcelona o Ahora Madrid en la capital de España, se está traduciendo en un creciente número de usurpaciones, hasta el punto de que existen numerosas bandas organizadas que se dedican a hacerse con pisos y edificios vacíos para, posteriormente, vender las llaves a okupas.
¿Qué hacer para recuperar tu vivienda?
El problema es que la ley deja un margen muy escaso para que el propietario pueda recuperar de inmediato el inmueble, dado que este tipo de bandas y delincuentes suelen conocer los pasos a seguir para desalojar a los okupas lo antes posible. Aún así, los expertos en la materia recomiendan seguir una serie de pasos para lograr el desalojo de forma legal:
– Denunciar cuanto antes: lo más rápido es acudir a la Policía, ya que no se requiere aportar documentación ni ir con un abogado -la titularidad de la propiedad se verificará posteriormente-. Si, de algún modo, se consigue demostrar que los okupas llevan en el inmueble menos de 48 horas, la policía puede desalojarles sin orden judicial, pero siempre y cuando logren entrar en la vivienda.
– Orden judicial: si han pasado las citadas 48 horas y los okupas han cambiado la cerradura, se necesita una orden judicial y es cuando comienza el calvario. Los abogados recomiendan entonces presentar una demanda civil de desahucio En este caso, el juez señala un día y hora para el juicio.
– Identificar a los okupas: el juez llamará a declarar al dueño y a los impostores, pero en muchos casos estos se niegan a identificarse, lo que dilata todavía más el problema. El propietario debe utilizar todas las tácticas que tenga en su mano para identificar a los okupas. La policía también lo hará, pero dentro de la vivienda no están obligados a identificarse, por lo que tendrán que esperar a que salgan a la calle. En caso contrario, se verán obligados a identificarse tras recibir la orden correspondiente del juzgado.
– Desalojo: el proceso suele durar nueve meses, aunque en numerosas ocasiones se alarga hasta los dos años debido a las técnicas de dilación que realizan los okupas. Pese a todo, no podrán evitar el desalojo y, una vez dictada la orden, en caso de que se resistan, la policía ejecutará el desahucio por la fuerza.
– Gasto para el propietario: otro de los problemas es que, una vez recuperado el inmueble y aunque los okupas sean condenados a pagar las costas y los desperfectos ocasionados, en la mayoría de ocasiones se declaran insolventes, de modo que, al final, el propietario no será indemnizado. El coste dependerá del tipo de vivienda y del abogado y procurador que se elija, pero la factura final suele oscilar entre los 600 y los 3.000 euros.
– ¿Y si es vivienda habitual? Si han pasado las 48 horas sin denuncia, tampoco le queda más remedio que presentar una demanda civil de desahucio. Pero, en este caso, ya no se trata de un delito de usurpación sino de un allanamiento de morada y se castiga con penas de prisión de hasta dos años, por lo que los okupas intentan cerciorarse antes de que no se trata de una vivienda habitual. La Justicia actúa de forma más rápida en este caso e incluso la policía ha llegado a entrar por la fuerza si el propietario les avisa de que le «estaban robando», no de que había okupas.
– ¿Y si no denuncio? Al margen de las recomendaciones de los expertos, circulan por numerosos foros de la red algunas sugerencias que ponen en valor la picaresca del propietario, como, por ejemplo, no denunciar y esperar con un cerrajero a que los okupas salgan de su propiedad (lo harán), cambiar otra vez la cerradura, quedarse en la casa y cuando estas personas intenten volver a entrar, denunciar allanamiento de morada. El problema es que muchos okupas ya se saben este truco y, por eso mismo, en cuanto entran son ellos mismos los que llaman a la policía haciéndose pasar por un vecino denunciando que hay okupas.
– Desokupa: los problemas de los propietarios para recuperar su vivienda por la vía judicial han abierto una posibilidad de negocio a los desokupas, cuya actividad se ajusta a la ley. Es el caso de Desokupa, empresa que nació en Barcelona, pero que ya se está extendiendo a otras ciudades del país. Su función es negociar con los okupas el desalojo. Si no se avienen a razones, montan un dispositivo de control de acceso a esa vivienda con varios integrantes, todos con titulación en control de acceso, y controlan la entrada las 24 horas. Al final, suelen acceden a negociar una compensación económica por su marcha.
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