¿Qué es una Estufa de Pellets?
Una estufa de pellets es una estufa que quema madera comprimida o pellets de biomasa para crear una fuente de calor para espacios residenciales y, a veces, industriales.
Ventajas de las estufas de pellets
- Utilizan combustible 100% renovable (el pellet) que además, ofrece un precio competitivo y estable contra los combustibles fósiles.
- El pellet se caracteriza por su alto poder calorífico, homogeneidad y composición constante, lo que permite conseguir rendimientos energéticos muy elevados.
- Además de calentar el aire de forma natural, de la estufa emana un calor radiante muy agradable.
- El control se produce de manera electrónica. Gracias al uso de termostatos digitales y programables, este tipo de calefacción puede regularse incluso a distancia desde el Smartphone.
¿Cómo funcionan las estufas de pellets?
Los pellets son introducidos de forma automática desde el depósito directamente a la estufa. Al quemarse los primeros pellets se arranca la ventilación de la cámara de fuego, pasando un chorro de aire por el cenicero con el fin de avivar la llama. Las estufas tienen varios sensores de calor: cuando el sensor de la cámara de fuego llega a detectar fuego en el cenicero, la estufa “sabe” que está encendida e iniciará la ventilación del intercambiador con el fin de sacar el calor de la estufa hacia fuera.
Tras el encendido, la estufa entra en modo de funcionamiento normal cargando al cenicero con pellets y ventilando la cámara. Hasta que otro sensor de calor detecte que se ha alcanzado la temperatura deseada, indicada previamente a través del panel de control, el mando a distancia o el móvil, la estufa no parará la combustión. La estufa comenzará de nuevo a calentar cuando haya bajado la temperatura por debajo de lo deseado.
La estufa calienta principalmente, a través de su ventilación regulable: hace pasar aire frio que entra en la máquina a través de una boca en la parte trasera de la estufa, pasa por el intercambiador y es expulsada por la parte frontal o de forma canalizada. En ningún momento este aire está en contacto con el fuego o los gases de combustión de la estufa. La estufa también calienta de forma radiante a través de la ventana de la cámara de combustión y del chasis.
Cuando la estufa se apaga el sinfín deja de echar pellets al cenicero y la máquina se apaga. Es importante apagar las estufas de pellet siempre a través de su panel de control o mediante su mando a distancia y nunca quitar la corriente antes de que esté parada.
La salida de gases de la estufa o chimenea, no suele aportar mucho calor, porque la estufa pasa sus gases por el intercambiador antes de expulsarla por la chimenea. Para hacerse una idea, se puede tocar una estufa de biomasa y su tubería de gases, pero el cristal de la ventana puedes quemar.
¿Qué potencia necesito?
Como hemos comentado al comienzo de este artículo, las estufas de pellets domésticas no cuentan con grandes potencias por lo que generalmente se utilizan como complemento a otro sistema de calefacción o para calentar estancias concretas. Para tener en mente un cálculo muy aproximado, podemos decir que con 1kw es posible calefactar 10 metros cuadrados, por lo que para una estancia de 80 metros cuadrados necesitaríamos una estufa de 8kw.
Sin embargo, a la hora de calcular la potencia que necesitamos para calefactar una estancia o una vivienda, es muy importante tener en cuenta otros aspectos como la zona climática donde está ubicada ésta y la calidad del aislamiento que tenga el edificio.
Cómo instalar una estufa de pellets
A la hora de instalar una estufa de pellets, hay varios aspectos que hay que tener en cuenta. Antes de nada, recomendamos contactar con un instalador especializado para realizar la instalación de tu estufa.
Salida de humos: Los humos de una estufa con un mantenimiento adecuado, son limpios y no manchan. Aún así, la salida de humos de la estufa deberá ser a la cubierta (tejado) según indica el RITE (Reglamento de Instalaciones Térmicas en los Edificios). Es normal instalar la salida de humos con una T registrable, respetar las medidas y el número de codos máximos permitidos por el fabricante. La suma de tramos en horizontal no debe superar los 2 metros. Procura que el local donde se instala la estufa esté bien ventilado, ya que es común que algunas estufas sufran paradas por falta de aire para la combustión.
Estufas de pellets sin salida de humos: Al tratarse de una tecnología basada en la combustión de combustible, no existen estufas de pellets sin salida de humos. Las estufas de pellets siempre deben contar con una salida de humos, y en este caso la normativa indica que se trate de una salida de humos a la azotea, no estando permitida la salida directa a la fachada.
Escoger el lugar adecuado: Como hemos comentado, las estufas de pellets necesitan una salida de humos pero también un enchufe, de al menos 220V. Por seguridad, debemos alejarla de elementos inflamables o combustibles como cortinas o alfombras. Además, conviene dejar uno o dos metros de espacio delante de la salida del aire caliente para que la estufa extienda el calor a toda la estancia sin obstáculos.
Mantenimiento de las estufas: para el correcto funcionamiento de las estufas de pellets, se importante limpiarlas a menudo, algo que requiere de apenas 5 minutos. Al menos una o dos veces por semana se ha de retirar las cenizas y limpiar el cristal. Además del mantenimiento regular, se debe hacer una revisión de la estufa cada dos años por parte de un profesional.
Fuentes: FEGECA, Observatorio de la Biomasa
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